1. Packetizing

• Process of encapsulating the data received from the upper-layers of the network (called payload)

2. Routing

• Process of moving data from one device to another

3. Error Control

• It can be implemented in the network layer but not preferred
• We add a checksum field

4. Flow Control

• It regulates how much data a source can send without overloading the receiver
• To control the flow of the data, the receiver should send feedback to the sender

5. Congestion Control

• Congestion occurs when the number of datagrams sent by the source is beyond the capacity of the network or routers